As with most other churches in Jerash, this three-aisled basilica was constructed using many stone blocks taken from earlier Roman structures. The main entrance is from the west, consisting of an imposing doorway decorated with intricate carvings and an inscription that says"... It was built in 494/496 during the episcopate of Aeneas and in honor of the victorious Theodore; immortal martyr".

The Church of St. Theodore is part of a group of buildings on four terraces, rising one above the other on the west side of the Cardo Maximus (main street). The whole group stretches for more than 163 m from east to west, and the buildings on the highest level are more than 18 m above the level of the main street.