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Info / context to the poem
The poem by Zofia Górska from 1942 belongs to a cycle of poems that unites a total of nine poems under the title "The Last Moments". The poems all characterize the inner state of an individual who, condemned to death, is waiting in a bunker cell to be shot. In the nine poems different ways of dealing with the near death are imagined. Moments are described: "of farewell", "of confusion", "of fear", "of protest", "of doubt", "of regret", "of longing", "of prayer", "of victory". The poems all refer to the days in April 1942 when thirteen Polish women, including Grażyna Chrostowska and her sister Apolonia, were killed by the SS in the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Throughout the year, Polish women were repeatedly shot at random, so that none of the Polish women could be sure of surviving the next days and months. Zofia Górska, who herself survived the camp, thus captures here in lyrical words a situation from which Polish women in particular were constantly threatened and indiscriminately affected.
By poetically staging the inner reality of the women and girls, she succeeds in an oppressive identification with the victims without coming close to a voyeuristic understanding. The focus is not on understanding, but on making the silenced audible. She sets up a monument in her poems to those who have "disappeared" in this way. The listeners begin to imagine individual, personal fates. The poem acquires the meaning of a "symbolic self": it bears the whole extent of a cruel extermination as a representative for many. It is able to keep alive the memory of the brutality of these mass shootings, but also of the individuals who disappeared behind this arbitrary act, by speaking about the last moments, which in themselves could not be handed down. (C. Jaiser)
Zofia Górska's poems were smuggled out of Ravensbrück together with those of Grażyna Chrostowska, who was of the same age, and Halina Golczowa, along with letters, execution lists, and lists of medical experiments on Polish women. These documents were buried in a glass jar in a wooded area near Burg Stargard, in the vicinity of Neubrandenburg, and discovered in the 1970s.
The cycle "The Last Moments" was also included in the collection of poems and songs from eleven nations Europa u boji. 1939 -1944 secretly made by Czech prisoners Vlasta Kladivová and Vera Hozáková in Ravensbrück concentration camp.
Since former prisoners reported hearing gunshots in the crematorium area, a death or firing corridor was suspected in this structural gap and therefore a memorial stone was erected here in 1959.
This execution list was smuggled out of Ravensbrück along with poems, letters, and information about medical experiments performed on Polish women. In 1975, these testimonies were found in a glass jar excavated near Burg Stargard.
Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ravensbrück
Signatur: V798E1
There is no life data on Valeska Türmer. All that is known is that she was one of the approximately 800 primarily Jewish women from Ravensbrück who were murdered in the gas chamber of the "Euthanasia"-Centre Bernburg in 1942 in the "14f13" action (selection and killing of prisoners designated as "sick", "old" and "no longer fit for work"). A few drawings that Valeska Türmer created in the concentration camp have been preserved.
(Monika Herzog: Ravensbrücker Zeichnungen, Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ravensbrück, 1993).
Dr. phil. Constanze Jaiser
Literature scholar and theologian
Publications on the subject, include:
Poetische Zeugnisse. Gedichte aus dem Frauen-Konzentrationslager Ravensbrück. Stuttgart/Weimar 2000
Europa im Kampf 1939-1944. Internationale Poesie aus dem Frauen-Konzentrationslager Ravensbrück. Berlin 2009
Ein Schmuggelfund aus dem KZ – Erinnerung, Kunst und Menschenwürde. Berlin 2012